Omega-3 EPA Linked To Heart Disease Protection

Source: DefeatDiabetes.org, Wednesday, April 11, 2007

People with high cholesterol levels and taking statins reduced their frequency of major cardiac events by about 20 percent when supplemented with the omega-3 of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), researchers have reported. 

The research, followed 18 645 Japanese patients with high cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolaemia) taking statins, and randomly assigned half to receive a daily EPA supplement (1.8 g).

After a following the subjects for about four and a half years, the researchers, led by Mitsuhiro Yokoyama from Kobe University, report that EPA supplementation had additional significant effects on angina (24 per cent reduction) and non-fatal coronary events (19 per cent reduction).

“Overall, this study shows that EPA, at a dose of 1800 mg per day, is a very promising regimen for prevention of major coronary events, especially since EPA seems to act through several biological mechanisms,” wrote the researchers.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to a wide-range of health benefits, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), good development of a baby during pregnancy, joint health, behaviour and mood, and certain cancers.

But some much publicized studies, and in particular a recent meta-analysis (British Medical Journal, doi: bmj.38755.366331.2F), have claimed that there was no evidence linking omega-3 intake and improvements in heart health.

However, results from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) suggest that regular supplementation with the omega-3 fatty acid may have significant benefits for cardiovascular, although the use of an exclusively Japanese subjects prevented the researchers generalizing their results to other populations.

Subjects with total cholesterol levels of at least 117mg/dL (6.5 mmol/L) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive 1.8 g of EPA daily (Mochida Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo) with statin (10 mg of pravastatin or 5 mg of simvastatin) or statin only.

After an average follow-up of 4.6 years, the researchers detected the primary endpoint (major coronary event, such as sudden cardiac death, fatal and non-fatal heart attack, and other non-fatal events such as unstable angina) in 262 patients in the EPA group and 324 in controls. This was equivalent to a 19 per cent reduction in major coronary events for the EPA group.

No differences between the groups were observed for LDL-cholesterol levels (both groups recorded 25 per cent reductions in levels), while no difference was observed for sudden cardiac death and coronary death.

The mechanism behind the apparent benefits could be linked to effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reduced platelet aggregation, and increased plaque-stabilization.

“Atherosclerotic plaque is vulnerable to rupture because it has a thin fibrous cap that covers a large lipid core, and an increased number of inflammatory cells such as macrophages,” explained the researchers.

“Thus, EPA and DHA reduce the numbers of macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombus formation in the ruptured plaque leads to acute cardiovascular events.” “We need to investigate whether EPA is effective for prevention of major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients without or with coronary artery disease in other countries,” concluded Yokoyama.

High cholesterol levels, hypercholesterolaemia, have a long association with many diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), the cause of almost 50 per cent of deaths in Europe, and reported to cost the EU economy an estimated €169bn ($202bn) per year.

Dr. Mozaffarian said that is was notable that the observed benefits were in addition to the use of statins, and that the fish oil had a good safety profile with good tolerability.

“Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomized open-label, blinded endpoint analysis”

Source: Diabetes In Control: The Lancet- 31 March 2007, Volume 369, Pages 1090-1098