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ARB 

an oral medicine that lowers blood pressure; ARB stands for angiotensin (an-gee-oh-TEN-sin) receptor blocker.

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artery 

a large blood vessel that carries blood with oxygen from the heart to all parts of the body.

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aspart insulin 

a rapid-acting insulin. On average, aspart insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 10 to 20 minutes after injection. It has its strongest effect 1 to 3 hours after injection but keeps working for 3 to 5 hours after injection.

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aspartame 

a dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value. (Brand names: Equal, NutraSweet)

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atherosclerosis 

clogging, narrowing and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems and kidney problems.

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autoimmune disease

disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign.

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background retinopathy 

a type of damage to the retina of the eye marked by bleeding, fluid accumulation and abnormal dilation of the blood vessels. Background retinopathy is an early stage of diabetic retinopathy. Also called simple or nonproliferative (non-pro-LIF-er-uh-tiv) retinopathy.

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basal rate 

a steady trickle of low levels of longer-acting insulin, such as that used in insulin pumps.

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